Comment; Larger numbers of opioid prescriptions and overdoses among lower income white communities does mirror my observations as well.
Joseph Friedman, MPH1; David Kim, MD2; Todd Schneberk, MD, MS2; et alPhilippe Bourgois, PhD3; Michael Shin, PhD4; Aaron Celious, PhD5; David L. Schriger, MD, MPH1,2,6Author AffiliationsArticle InformationJAMA Intern Med. Published online February 11, 2019. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.6721editorial comment icon EditorialCommentrelated articles icon RelatedArticles
Key Points
Question Does differential prescribing of opioids by race/ethnicity and income class explain opioid overdoses concentrated among low-income white communities?
Findings In prescription drug monitoring program data from 2011 through 2015, 44.2% of all adults in California in the regions with the lowest-income/highest proportion–white population received at least 1 opioid prescription annually compared with 16.1% in the regions with the highest-income/lowest proportion–white population and 23.6% across California. Opioid overdose deaths were concentrated in lower-income, mostly white regions, with a 10-fold difference in overdose rates across the race/ethnicity–income gradient.
Meaning Race/ethnicity and income class disparities existing in access to opioids via the California health care system may have played a role in the race/ethnicity–income pattern of overdose deaths in the current opioid epidemic.Abstract
Importance Most drug epidemics in the United States have disproportionately affected nonwhite communities. Notably, the current opioid epidemic is heavily concentrated among low-income white communities, and the roots of this racial/ethnic phenomenon have not been adequately explained.
Objective To examine the degree to which differential exposure to opioids via the health care system by race/ethnicity and income could be driving the observed social gradient of the current opioid epidemic, as well as to compare the trends in the prevalence of prescription opioids with those observed for stimulants and benzodiazepines.
Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based study used 2011 through 2015 records from California’s prescription drug monitoring program (Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System), which longitudinally tracks all patients receiving controlled substance prescriptions in the state and contained unique records for 29.7 million individuals who received such a prescription from 2011 to 2015. Data were analyzed between January and May 2018.
Exposures A total of 1760 zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) in California, with associated racial/ethnic composition and per capita income.
Main Outcomes and Measures The percentage of individuals receiving at least 1 prescription each year was calculated for opioids, benzodiazepines, and stimulants.
Results A nearly 300% difference in opioid prescription prevalence across the race/ethnicity–income gradient was observed in California, with 44.2% of adults in the quintile of ZCTAs with the lowest-income/highest proportion–white population receiving at least 1 opioid prescription each year compared with 16.1% in the quintile with the highest-income/lowest proportion–white population and 23.6% of all individuals 15 years or older. Stimulant prescriptions were highly concentrated in mostly white high-income areas, with a prevalence of 3.8% among individuals in the quintile with the highest-income/highest proportion–white population and a prevalence of 0.6% in the quintile with the lowest-income/lowest proportion–white population. Benzodiazepine prescriptions did not have an income gradient but were concentrated in mostly white areas, with 15.7% of adults in the quintile of ZCTAs with the highest proportion–white population receiving at least 1 prescription each year compared with 7.0% among the quintile with the lowest proportion–white population.
Conclusions and Relevance The race/ethnicity and income pattern of opioid overdoses mirrored prescription rates, suggesting that differential exposure to opioids via the health care system may have induced the large, observed racial/ethnic gradient in the opioid epidemic. Across drug categories, controlled medications were much more likely to be prescribed to individuals living in majority-white areas. These discrepancies may have shielded nonwhite communities from the brunt of the prescription opioid epidemic but also represent disparities in treatment and access to all medications.
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